Over the past 7 years, there have been 108 property sales recorded in the SW8 1DF postcode area. The highest sale price reached £1,550,000, while the most recent sale was for a detached flat sold in August 2025 for £817,000.

The estimated average property value in SW8 1DF currently stands at £777,016, which is roughly in line with the city average (within ±8%), suggesting property prices reflect broader market trends.

In terms of size, the average price per square metre is approximately £11,868.

Property prices in SW8 1DF have risen by 1.3% over the past year , with a total decrease of 0.3% over the past five years, and a long-term rise of 17.4% over the past decade.

100% of recorded transactions in the area were for flat properties.

Housing in SW8 1DF is mixed, with 98% of homes being , indicating a diverse residential makeup.

Click on the map to change the analyzed area

Property Sales

10 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 1001 sq ft
Today
£797,533
streetscan.co.uk estimate
13 Dec 2018
£805,041
More details

12 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ 3bed
📐 1044 sq ft
Today
£744,205
streetscan.co.uk estimate
13 Dec 2018
£751,211
More details

14 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 1227 sq ft
Today
£928,067
streetscan.co.uk estimate
13 Dec 2018
£936,804
More details

16 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 1152 sq ft
Today
£911,352
streetscan.co.uk estimate
13 Dec 2018
£919,932
More details

18 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 1023 sq ft
Today
£747,432
streetscan.co.uk estimate
8 Aug 2018
£742,741
More details

Flat 1, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 624 sq ft
Today
£594,404
streetscan.co.uk estimate
11 Dec 2018
£600,000
More details

Flat 10, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 538 sq ft
Today
£613,029
streetscan.co.uk estimate
5 Dec 2018
£618,800
4 Apr 2018
£637,000
More details

Flat 11, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 818 sq ft
Today
£902,998
streetscan.co.uk estimate
31 Jan 2018
£920,000
More details

Flat 12, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 818 sq ft
Today
£849,044
streetscan.co.uk estimate
15 Mar 2018
£857,925
More details

Flat 13, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 635 sq ft
Today
£628,172
streetscan.co.uk estimate
31 Jan 2018
£640,000
More details

Flat 14, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 581 sq ft
Today
£722,443
streetscan.co.uk estimate
28 Mar 2018
£730,000
More details

Flat 15, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 581 sq ft
Today
£624,183
streetscan.co.uk estimate
31 May 2018
£639,200
More details

Flat 16, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 398 sq ft
Today
£547,443
streetscan.co.uk estimate
31 Jan 2018
£557,750
More details

Flat 17, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 614 sq ft
Today
£545,191
streetscan.co.uk estimate
29 Oct 2018
£544,050
More details

Flat 18, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 538 sq ft
Today
£570,958
streetscan.co.uk estimate
11 Oct 2023
£605,000
2 Feb 2018
£567,300
More details

Flat 19, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 818 sq ft
Today
£918,257
streetscan.co.uk estimate
1 Feb 2018
£933,625
More details

Flat 2, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 495 sq ft
Today
£592,918
streetscan.co.uk estimate
14 Dec 2018
£598,500
More details

Flat 20, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 818 sq ft
Today
£782,269
streetscan.co.uk estimate
12 Nov 2021
£815,000
2 Feb 2018
£855,600
More details

Flat 21, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 635 sq ft
Today
£585,405
streetscan.co.uk estimate
10 Aug 2023
£605,000
9 Feb 2018
£602,700
More details

Flat 22, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 581 sq ft
Today
£624,926
streetscan.co.uk estimate
6 Apr 2018
£638,000
More details

Flat 23, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 581 sq ft
Today
£629,932
streetscan.co.uk estimate
1 Feb 2018
£640,475
More details

Flat 24, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 398 sq ft
Today
£553,474
streetscan.co.uk estimate
21 Aug 2018
£550,000
More details

Flat 25, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 624 sq ft
Today
£572,807
streetscan.co.uk estimate
13 Dec 2018
£578,200
More details

Flat 26, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

Today
£587,900
streetscan.co.uk estimate
16 Mar 2018
£594,050

Flat 27, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 818 sq ft
Today
£974,589
streetscan.co.uk estimate
1 Feb 2018
£990,900
More details

Flat 28, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 818 sq ft
Today
£852,913
streetscan.co.uk estimate
1 Feb 2018
£867,188
More details

Flat 29, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 635 sq ft
Today
£649,484
streetscan.co.uk estimate
28 Sep 2020
£688,888
2 May 2018
£658,000
More details

Flat 3, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 861 sq ft
Today
£806,208
streetscan.co.uk estimate
23 Jun 2021
£845,000
3 Apr 2018
£864,675
More details

Flat 30, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 581 sq ft
Today
£637,923
streetscan.co.uk estimate
8 Feb 2018
£648,600
More details

Flat 31, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 581 sq ft
Today
£634,530
streetscan.co.uk estimate
1 Feb 2018
£645,150
More details

Flat 32, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 398 sq ft
Today
£540,947
streetscan.co.uk estimate
23 Feb 2018
£550,000
More details

Flat 33, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 538 sq ft
Today
£562,622
streetscan.co.uk estimate
7 Oct 2022
£615,000
8 May 2018
£750,000
More details

Flat 34, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 807 sq ft
Today
£993,281
streetscan.co.uk estimate
2 Feb 2018
£1,009,905
More details

Flat 35, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 818 sq ft
Today
£822,160
streetscan.co.uk estimate
27 Aug 2025
£817,000
29 Jan 2018
£968,000
More details

Flat 36, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 624 sq ft
Today
£674,636
streetscan.co.uk estimate
30 Apr 2018
£688,750
More details

Flat 37, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 581 sq ft
Today
£639,300
streetscan.co.uk estimate
2 Feb 2018
£650,000
More details

Flat 38, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 581 sq ft
Today
£642,546
streetscan.co.uk estimate
2 Feb 2018
£653,300
More details

Flat 39, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 398 sq ft
Today
£536,029
streetscan.co.uk estimate
2 Feb 2018
£545,000
More details

Flat 4, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 818 sq ft
Today
£806,208
streetscan.co.uk estimate
23 Jun 2021
£845,000
23 Mar 2018
£864,675
More details

Flat 40, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 538 sq ft
Today
£624,547
streetscan.co.uk estimate
26 Feb 2018
£635,000
More details

Flat 41, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 807 sq ft
Today
£915,503
streetscan.co.uk estimate
6 Feb 2018
£930,825
More details

Flat 43, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 624 sq ft
Today
£657,250
streetscan.co.uk estimate
8 Feb 2018
£668,250
More details

Flat 44, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 581 sq ft
Today
£644,218
streetscan.co.uk estimate
2 Feb 2018
£655,000
More details

Flat 45, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 581 sq ft
Today
£631,432
streetscan.co.uk estimate
9 Feb 2018
£642,000
More details

Flat 46, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 398 sq ft
Today
£539,917
streetscan.co.uk estimate
10 Dec 2018
£545,000
More details

Flat 47, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 1421 sq ft
Today
£1,495,257
streetscan.co.uk estimate
29 Jun 2018
£1,550,000
More details

Flat 48, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 1410 sq ft
Today
£1,474,160
streetscan.co.uk estimate
19 Apr 2018
£1,505,000
More details

Flat 49, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 1421 sq ft
Today
£1,426,132
streetscan.co.uk estimate
21 Feb 2018
£1,450,000
More details

Flat 5, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 635 sq ft
Today
£675,169
streetscan.co.uk estimate
30 Aug 2019
£690,000
23 Mar 2018
£637,875
More details

Flat 50, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 1410 sq ft
Today
£1,469,262
streetscan.co.uk estimate
26 Apr 2018
£1,500,000
More details

Flat 6, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 549 sq ft
Today
£586,949
streetscan.co.uk estimate
31 Jan 2018
£598,000
More details

Flat 7, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 441 sq ft
Today
£609,264
streetscan.co.uk estimate
18 Dec 2018
£615,000
More details

Flat 8, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 592 sq ft
Today
£709,356
streetscan.co.uk estimate
29 Mar 2019
£696,000
29 Mar 2019
£696,000
More details

Flat 9, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 614 sq ft
Today
£656,298
streetscan.co.uk estimate
1 Apr 2019
£646,000
More details

20 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 1087 sq ft
Today
£977,954
streetscan.co.uk estimate
28 Mar 2024
£980,000
8 Aug 2018
£813,075
More details

Flat 1, 6 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

Today
£937,216
streetscan.co.uk estimate
23 Nov 2018
£948,000

Flat 11, 6 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

Today
£561,910
streetscan.co.uk estimate
7 Dec 2018
£567,200

Flat 12, 6 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

Today
£530,010
streetscan.co.uk estimate
21 Dec 2018
£535,000

Flat 13, 6 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 581 sq ft
Today
£634,526
streetscan.co.uk estimate
13 Dec 2018
£640,500
More details

Flat 14, 6 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 538 sq ft
Today
£637,895
streetscan.co.uk estimate
7 Dec 2018
£643,900
More details

Flat 15, 6 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 635 sq ft
Today
£592,225
streetscan.co.uk estimate
11 Dec 2018
£597,800
More details

Flat 16, 6 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 452 sq ft
Today
£486,000
streetscan.co.uk estimate
7 Dec 2018
£490,575
More details

Flat 17, 6 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 603 sq ft
Today
£629,078
streetscan.co.uk estimate
14 Dec 2018
£635,000
More details

Flat 18, 6 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 603 sq ft
Today
£567,953
streetscan.co.uk estimate
10 Dec 2018
£573,300
More details

Flat 19, 6 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 549 sq ft
Today
£560,820
streetscan.co.uk estimate
4 Dec 2018
£566,100
More details

Flat 2, 6 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

Today
£619,171
streetscan.co.uk estimate
6 Dec 2018
£625,000

Flat 20, 6 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 581 sq ft
Today
£566,764
streetscan.co.uk estimate
13 Dec 2018
£572,100
More details

Flat 21, 6 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 452 sq ft
Today
£545,861
streetscan.co.uk estimate
12 Dec 2018
£551,000
More details

Flat 22, 6 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 829 sq ft
Today
£965,907
streetscan.co.uk estimate
6 Dec 2018
£975,000
More details

Flat 23, 6 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 753 sq ft
Today
£891,606
streetscan.co.uk estimate
3 Dec 2018
£900,000
More details

Flat 24, 6 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 635 sq ft
Today
£597,079
streetscan.co.uk estimate
12 Dec 2018
£602,700
More details

Flat 25, 6 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 829 sq ft
Today
£915,382
streetscan.co.uk estimate
27 Dec 2018
£924,000
More details

Flat 26, 6 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 818 sq ft
Today
£905,847
streetscan.co.uk estimate
20 Dec 2018
£914,375
More details

Flat 27, 6 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 549 sq ft
Today
£589,798
streetscan.co.uk estimate
6 Dec 2018
£595,350
More details

Flat 28, 6 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 581 sq ft
Today
£572,807
streetscan.co.uk estimate
11 Dec 2018
£578,200
More details

Flat 29, 6 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 581 sq ft
Today
£646,082
streetscan.co.uk estimate
18 Jan 2019
£640,000
More details

Flat 3, 6 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

Today
£718,238
streetscan.co.uk estimate
5 Dec 2018
£725,000

Flat 30, 6 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 538 sq ft
Today
£647,207
streetscan.co.uk estimate
12 Dec 2018
£653,300
More details

Flat 31, 6 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 635 sq ft
Today
£601,914
streetscan.co.uk estimate
30 Nov 2018
£608,840
More details

Flat 32, 6 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 753 sq ft
Today
£931,233
streetscan.co.uk estimate
12 Dec 2018
£940,000
More details

Flat 33, 6 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 818 sq ft
Today
£970,299
streetscan.co.uk estimate
4 Feb 2019
£950,000
More details

Flat 34, 6 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 549 sq ft
Today
£730,671
streetscan.co.uk estimate
12 Dec 2018
£737,550
More details

Flat 35, 6 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 452 sq ft
Today
£555,479
streetscan.co.uk estimate
10 Jan 2019
£550,250
More details

Flat 36, 6 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 1367 sq ft
Today
£1,467,633
streetscan.co.uk estimate
4 Mar 2019
£1,440,000
More details

Flat 37, 6 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 1378 sq ft
Today
£1,478,842
streetscan.co.uk estimate
28 Jun 2021
£1,550,000
23 Nov 2018
£1,460,000
More details

Flat 38, 6 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 1378 sq ft
Today
£1,455,943
streetscan.co.uk estimate
13 Dec 2018
£1,469,650
More details

Flat 39, 6 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 1378 sq ft
Today
£1,520,684
streetscan.co.uk estimate
5 Dec 2018
£1,535,000
More details

Flat 4, 6 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

Today
£651,888
streetscan.co.uk estimate
6 Feb 2019
£638,250

Flat 5, 6 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

Today
£631,929
streetscan.co.uk estimate
28 Nov 2018
£639,200

Flat 6, 6 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 635 sq ft
Today
£654,613
streetscan.co.uk estimate
24 Jan 2019
£648,450
More details

Flat 7, 6 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

Today
£500,909
streetscan.co.uk estimate
11 Dec 2018
£505,625

Flat 8, 6 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

Today
£593,215
streetscan.co.uk estimate
17 Dec 2018
£598,800

Flat 9, 6 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

Today
£594,404
streetscan.co.uk estimate
6 Dec 2018
£600,000

8 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 1227 sq ft
Today
£928,067
streetscan.co.uk estimate
13 Dec 2018
£936,804
More details

Flat 42, 2 Exchange Gardens, London, Lambeth, Greater London, SW8 1DF

🏠 Flat
🛏️ bed
📐 753 sq ft
Today
£926,838
streetscan.co.uk estimate
2 Feb 2018
£942,350
More details

Area Insights

Data Sources

Properties at SW8 1DF appear one hundred and eight times in the Land Registry records, with the latest transaction recorded on 27 Aug 2025. It also has eighty-four Energy Performance Certificates (EPC) entries, the earliest dating back to 5 Jan 2018. We use this data, to estimate the property's characteristics and current market value.

This website uses public sector information from:

These datasets are licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
This website is not affiliated with or endorsed by HM Land Registry or DLUHC.

Disclaimer: StreetScan.co.uk makes all reasonable efforts to ensure the information provided on this website is current and accurate; however, no warranties or representations are made as to its completeness or accuracy. StreetScan.co.uk expressly disclaims any and all liability for any loss, damage, or expense arising directly or indirectly from the use of, or reliance upon, such information.